William D. Jelks graduated from Mercer University and later acquired a significant interest in a local newspaper. He transitioned into public service, becoming editor of a regional newspaper and holding educational leadership roles. Jelks served in the Alabama Senate, where he chaired the Committee on Constitution, Constitutional Revision, and Amendment. He was elected President of the Senate and subsequently served as acting governor and governor. Jelks was instrumental in the ratification of the Jim Crow State Constitution of 1901 and advocated for white supremacy, opposing education for Blacks and supporting lynchings. After his tenure as governor, he became the first president of a major insurance company in Alabama.

William D. Jelks presents a complex ideological profile, blending progressive economic reforms with staunch reactionary social policies. His support for child labor laws and convict lease system reforms contrasts sharply with his advocacy for white supremacy and opposition to Black education. Jelks's governance tenure was marked by significant constitutional changes disenfranchising Blacks and poor whites, yet he also invested in state infrastructure. His rhetorical style likely oscillated between progressive economic arguments and deeply rooted racial prejudices, creating a compelling yet troubling political identity.