John S. Peters began his career as a school teacher before studying medicine, which led to a long-term practice in Hebron. He transitioned into public service, serving multiple terms in the Connecticut House of Representatives and Connecticut Senate, and eventually becoming the 31st Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut. He later served as Governor of Connecticut for two terms. Peters also held leadership roles in medical and historical societies and was involved in the Whig Party at the national level.

John S. Peters's political career reveals a unique blend of progressive economic policies with a cautious approach to funding, as seen in his advocacy for Connecticut's first railroads and private enterprise while failing to secure necessary educational improvements. His ideological positioning is marked by an unexpected convergence with opposing factions on environmental regulations, indicating a highly calculated approach to regional interests. Peters's rhetorical style is characterized by a blend of historical reverence and forward-thinking pragmatism, though he avoids the common term "pragmatic."