Charles Henderson began his career by managing the family business following his father's death, demonstrating early leadership skills. He later became mayor of Troy at a young age, where he initiated significant infrastructure projects, including the introduction of electricity and telephone services. Henderson played a pivotal role in establishing educational institutions and improving public health and child welfare policies during his tenure as governor. Post-governorship, he continued to contribute to public service and education. His legacy includes a substantial trust that funds education and healthcare in his hometown.

Charles Henderson's political career reveals a blend of progressive reforms and pragmatic business acumen, with notable ideological flexibility. He championed educational and public health reforms despite his personal opposition to prohibition laws. His tenure as governor saw a surprising convergence of progressive child welfare policies and support for business-oriented tax revisions. Henderson's legacy in infrastructure development and labor rights further underscores his calculated approach to governance.